Automaticity
Automaticity refers to the ability to perform linguistic processing rapidly, effortlessly, and without conscious attention. In SLA, the controlled-to-automatic processing continuum — drawn from cognitive psychology (Shiffrin & Schneider, 1977) and applied to L2 by McLaughlin (1987) and DeKeyser (1997, 2001) — is central to Skill Acquisition Theory.
Controlled vs Automatic Processing
| Feature | Controlled | Automatic |
|---|---|---|
| Speed | Slow | Fast |
| Attention | Requires conscious focus | Minimal attention needed |
| Capacity | Limited by working memory | Largely capacity-free |
| Flexibility | Easily modified | Resistant to change |
DeKeyser's Account
Within Skill Acquisition Theory, automaticity is the final stage of skill development. Declarative knowledge is first proceduralized (knowing how), then automatized through extensive practice. DeKeyser stresses that automaticity is not all-or-nothing but a matter of degree — reaction time and error rate decrease following a power law of learning (Anderson, 1982).
Crucially, automatization is skill-specific: practice in comprehension does not transfer fully to production, and vice versa (DeKeyser, 1997; Li & DeKeyser, 2017). This has direct implications for classroom practice — drills in one modality do not guarantee fluency in another.
Distinction from Implicit Knowledge
Automatized explicit knowledge can become functionally equivalent to implicit knowledge — fast, accurate, and robust in real-time use — even if neurologically distinct (Paradis, 2009). This nuance is often lost when PPP advocates equate automatization with acquisition.
References
- DeKeyser, R. (2001). Automaticity and automatization. In P. Robinson (Ed.), Cognition and Second Language Instruction. Cambridge University Press.
- McLaughlin, B. (1987). Theories of Second-Language Learning. Edward Arnold.
- Anderson, J.R. (1982). Acquisition of cognitive skill. Psychological Review, 89(4), 369–406.