Common European Framework of Reference

The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) is a descriptive framework developed by the Council of Europe (2001; Companion Volume 2020) that defines language proficiency across six levels: A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, and C2. It describes what learners can do at each level through Can-Do Statements rather than prescribing what should be taught.

The CEFR has become the dominant reference standard for language education in Europe and increasingly worldwide. It underpins curriculum design (Backward Design), Benchmarking of examinations, textbook levelling, and international recognition of qualifications. Major examinations (Cambridge, IELTS, TOEFL) are mapped to CEFR levels.